Hemoglobin C (HbC) is an abnormal variant of the hemoglobin molecule (the protein in red blood cells responsible for carrying oxygen throughout the body) that is caused by a genetic mutation. Hemoglobin C is most commonly found in people of African descent, particularly those from West and Central Africa.
Individuals with hemoglobin C trait have one normal hemoglobin gene (HbA) and one mutated hemoglobin gene (HbC), whereas those with hemoglobin C disease have two mutated hemoglobin genes (HbC/HbC). Hemoglobin C trait typically does not lead to any significant health problems, but individuals with hemoglobin C disease may experience mild anemia, spleen enlargement, and jaundice.
Hemoglobin C is diagnosed through a blood test that measures the levels of different types of hemoglobin in the blood. Treatment for hemoglobin C disease may involve blood transfusions or other therapies to manage symptoms.
Overall, hemoglobin C is a relatively rare condition, and while it can cause health problems in some individuals, many people with hemoglobin C trait or disease lead healthy and normal lives with proper management and care.
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